{"id":125,"date":"2018-04-29T19:35:17","date_gmt":"2018-04-30T02:35:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125"},"modified":"2021-04-25T20:17:29","modified_gmt":"2021-04-25T20:17:29","slug":"of-kanji-and-kana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125","title":{"rendered":"Of Kanji and Kana"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Japanese writing system, like other aspects of Japanese culture, is complicated and fascinating. Its three main character sets are a notorious struggle for second-language learners and young native speakers alike. While many tongues have what is called synchronic digraphia<\/strong> (where two or more writing systems for the same language coexist), Japanese is famous for having three main character sets <\/em>within one single <\/em>writing system.[1]<\/a> Of interest to linguistics-minded folks, these three character sets systematically express different areas of the language\u2019s grammar (word classes, for instance). Below is my attempt at a fun, informative introduction to the system.<\/p>\n

The three main character sets of Japanese are kanji<\/strong>, hiragana<\/strong>, and katakana<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u6f22\u5b57 | KANJI<\/h2>\n

Kanji characters are logographic<\/strong>, meaning they cannot be spelled (sounded) out, but instead must be memorized whole. As many know, they were taken from the Chinese writing system. The term kanji <\/em>literally means \u201cChinese characters\u201d. If you\u2019ve ever complained about the obtuse nature of English orthography, or remember the pain of memorizing weird word spellings as a child, consider this: a Japanese person of average education knows (i.e. has memorized) about three thousand kanji. Dictionaries contain about ten thousand kanji.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kanji are used for content words<\/strong> \u2013 nouns, verb stems, adjective stems, adverbs, personal names and place names. They\u2019re composed of radicals<\/strong>, graphical pieces that often have either a semantic or phonetic quality (they indicate part of the meaning or the sound of the character, respectively). There is a particular stroke order<\/strong> for each character, which everyone is expected to follow when writing. And as if all that wasn\u2019t enough of a challenge, there are also two separate pronunciations \u2013 on\u2019yomi <\/em>and kun\u2019yomi <\/em>\u2013 that depend on context or conjugation.<\/p>\n

Here are some examples of kanji:<\/p>\n

\u6771\u4eac \u2013 Tokyo<\/em> (place name)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u9577\u8c37\u5ddd \u2013 Hasegawa <\/em>(surname)<\/p>\n

\u8594\u8587 \u2013 bara <\/em>(a noun, means \u201crose\u201d)<\/p>\n

\u9055\u3046 \u2013 chigau <\/em>(a verb or adjective, means \u201cto be wrong\u201d or “wrong”. Only the first character, the verb stem, is kanji; the second character, or conjugation, is hiragana)<\/p>\n

Kana <\/strong>characters include the two sets hiragana and katakana. They\u2019re both phonetic<\/strong>, meaning they can be sounded out. Kana also originally came from Chinese, but the characters are so altered and simplified that their sources are not apparent today. Japan adopted Chinese writing in the third century, and ran into trouble since the two spoken languages were completely unrelated. They began using characters not for their meanings, but for their sound values only. Both modern-day kana sets have an inventory of 46 characters (along with two types of diacritics), and these constitute a syllabary[3]<\/a><\/strong> of consonant-vowel pairings.<\/p>\n

\u3072\u3089\u304c\u306a | HIRAGANA<\/h2>\n

Hiragana has rounded symbols, smooth curves. The hiragana syllabary is used for native words<\/strong>, and grammatical elements<\/strong> like particles, auxiliary verbs, and inflections (e.g. verb conjugations, noun suffixes). Japanese children\u2019s books are mostly in hiragana since younger kids haven\u2019t yet learned many kanji. When books do include kanji, they have small furigana <\/strong>by the side \u2013 hiragana or katakana to help with pronunciation.<\/p>\n

Here are some examples of hiragana:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u3042\u308a\u304c\u3068\u3046 \u2013 arigatou<\/em> (\u201cthank you\u201d)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044 \u2013 kudasai <\/em>(\u201cplease\u201d)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u3067\u3059 \u2013 desu <\/em>(auxiliary verb, \u201cis\u201d)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u306e, \u306f, \u3092 \u2013 no, wa, o <\/em>(particles)<\/p>\n

\u30ab\u30bf\u30ab\u30ca | KATAKANA<\/h2>\n

With katakana, you\u2019ll notice similarities to hiragana, but the symbol shapes are clearly more angular. Katakana is used for foreign names and words<\/strong>, loanwords<\/strong>, onomatopoeia<\/strong>, and emphasis<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Here are some examples of katakana:<\/p>\n

\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab \u2013 amerika <\/em>(foreign name, \u201cAmerica\u201d)<\/p>\n

\u30b5\u30e9\u30ea\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u00a0\u2013 sararii man <\/em>(\u201csalary man\u201d, i.e. office worker)<\/p>\n

\u30c6\u30ec\u30d3 \u2013 terebi <\/em>(loanword, \u201ctelevision\u201d)<\/p>\n

\u30cb\u30e3\u30f3\u30cb\u30e3\u30f3 \u2013 nyan nyan <\/em>(onomatopoeia, sound of cat meowing)<\/p>\n

* * * * *<\/p>\n

The Japanese system has TWO directions for writing: vertical (tategaki<\/em>), and horizontal (yokogaki<\/em>). Vertical is the traditional form, running from top to bottom, right to left on the page. Books written with vertical text open the opposite way from Western language books. Horizontal is the direction Western language readers are used to \u2013 left to right on the page. This Western style is used in more modern applications, like websites. To maximize space, newspapers, magazines, and signs frequently use both directions![4]<\/a> Then, because we still <\/em>haven\u2019t juggled enough variables, Japanese text doesn’t include spaces between words, so readers must infer based on context where divisions are to be made.<\/p>\n

Cool Japanese literature tangent: The Tale of Genji <\/em>(\u6e90\u6c0f\u7269\u8a9e\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Genji Monogatari<\/em>), written by noblewoman Lady Murasaki Shikibu in the early 11th<\/sup> century, is frequently considered the world\u2019s first novel or first modern novel.<\/p>\n

I\u2019ll leave you with some marvelously idiosyncratic Japanese words and concepts, for which there are definitely no concise words\/phrases in English. You can observe how the three character sets interact in various ways. (Most of the words come from this site<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Enjoy!<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Japanese<\/strong><\/td>\nPronunciation\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>(in r\u014dmaji)<\/strong><\/td>\nCharacter set(s)<\/strong><\/td>\nDefinition<\/strong><\/td>\nLiteral meaning<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u6559\u80b2\u30de\u30de<\/td>\nkyouiku mama<\/em><\/td>\nkanji + katakana<\/td>\nA mother who is obsessed with her children\u2019s education<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u30d0\u30fc\u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u4eba<\/td>\nbaakoudo jin<\/em><\/td>\nkatakana + kanji<\/td>\nMen with ridiculous comb-overs<\/td>\n\u201cbarcode people\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u6a2a\u98ef<\/td>\nyoko meshi<\/em><\/td>\nkanji<\/td>\nWestern food<\/td>\n\u201chorizontal rice\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4f98\u5bc2<\/td>\nwabi-sabi<\/em><\/td>\nkanji<\/td>\nAn aesthetic that sees beauty in the ephemerality and imperfection of things both natural and manmade<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u307d\u304b\u307d\u304b<\/td>\npoka poka<\/em><\/td>\nhiragana<\/td>\nFeeling warm throughout one\u2019s body<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u53e3\u5bc2\u3057\u3044<\/td>\nkuchi sabishii<\/em><\/td>\nkanji + hiragana<\/td>\nWhen you\u2019re not hungry but you eat anyway<\/td>\n\u201cmouth lonely\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u732b\u7cde<\/td>\nneko baba<\/em><\/td>\nkanji<\/td>\nTo steal\/pocket and pretend innocence<\/td>\n\u201ccat feces\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u3042\u308a\u304c\u305f\u8ff7\u60d1<\/td>\narigata meiwaku<\/em><\/td>\nhiragana + kanji<\/td>\n\u201cAn act someone does for you that you didn\u2019t want to have them do and tried to avoid having them do, but they went ahead anyway, determined to do you a favor, and then things went wrong and caused you a lot of trouble, yet in the end social conventions required you to express gratitude\u201d[5]<\/a><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> I say three \u201cmain\u201d character sets because there are actually more, if you count Arabic numerals, r\u014dmaji <\/strong>(i.e. the Roman alphabet), punctuation, etc. Also, this person<\/a>\u00a0argues that the focus on three+ character sets in Japanese is silly and that English and other writing systems have multiple sets as well (capital and lowercase letters in English, for example), but in order to keep things succinct here, I didn\u2019t go into that level of detail. Additionally, I disagree with them that capital vs. lowercase Roman letters possess the same grammatical significance as kanji\/hiragana\/katakana and so it\u2019s not an apples to apples comparison.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/nihongoichiban.com\/2011\/05\/24\/the-japanese-writing-system\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Where each symbol represents a syllable.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> See this nice article<\/a>\u00a0with lots of illustrative pictures.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/sobadsogood.com\/2012\/04\/28\/25-words-that-simply-dont-exist-in-english\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Japanese writing system, like other aspects of Japanese culture, is complicated and fascinating. Its three main character sets are a notorious struggle for second-language learners and young native speakers alike. While many tongues have what is called synchronic digraphia (where two or more writing systems for the same language coexist), Japanese is famous for…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":126,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[16,34],"tags":[50,86,96,98,99,180],"class_list":["post-125","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-languages","category-writing-systems","tag-character-sets","tag-hiragana","tag-japanese","tag-kanji","tag-katakana","tag-writing"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nOf Kanji and Kana - Linguamonium<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Of Kanji and Kana - Linguamonium\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Japanese writing system, like other aspects of Japanese culture, is complicated and fascinating. Its three main character sets are a notorious struggle for second-language learners and young native speakers alike. While many tongues have what is called synchronic digraphia (where two or more writing systems for the same language coexist), Japanese is famous for...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Linguamonium\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-04-30T02:35:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-04-25T20:17:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/jap_fabric_writing.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"940\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"hannah\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@linguamonium\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@linguamonium\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"hannah\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"hannah\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f6a9c49248cb623f9a6061aaacff0238\"},\"headline\":\"Of Kanji and Kana\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-04-30T02:35:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-04-25T20:17:29+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125\"},\"wordCount\":1044,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f6a9c49248cb623f9a6061aaacff0238\"},\"keywords\":[\"character sets\",\"hiragana\",\"Japanese\",\"kanji\",\"katakana\",\"writing\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Languages\",\"Writing Systems\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125\",\"name\":\"Of Kanji and Kana - Linguamonium\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2018-04-30T02:35:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-04-25T20:17:29+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Of Kanji and Kana\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/\",\"name\":\"Linguamonium\",\"description\":\"A tumult of linguistic musings\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f6a9c49248cb623f9a6061aaacff0238\"},\"alternateName\":\"Linguamo\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f6a9c49248cb623f9a6061aaacff0238\",\"name\":\"hannah\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/cropped-dummeh-babboh-2-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/cropped-dummeh-babboh-2-1.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":512,\"caption\":\"hannah\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\",\"www.linkedin.com\/in\/hannah-vanbrunt\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/linguamonium\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?author=1\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Of Kanji and Kana - Linguamonium","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Of Kanji and Kana - Linguamonium","og_description":"The Japanese writing system, like other aspects of Japanese culture, is complicated and fascinating. Its three main character sets are a notorious struggle for second-language learners and young native speakers alike. While many tongues have what is called synchronic digraphia (where two or more writing systems for the same language coexist), Japanese is famous for...","og_url":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125","og_site_name":"Linguamonium","article_published_time":"2018-04-30T02:35:17+00:00","article_modified_time":"2021-04-25T20:17:29+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":940,"url":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/jap_fabric_writing.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"hannah","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@linguamonium","twitter_site":"@linguamonium","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"hannah","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125"},"author":{"name":"hannah","@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f6a9c49248cb623f9a6061aaacff0238"},"headline":"Of Kanji and Kana","datePublished":"2018-04-30T02:35:17+00:00","dateModified":"2021-04-25T20:17:29+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125"},"wordCount":1044,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f6a9c49248cb623f9a6061aaacff0238"},"keywords":["character sets","hiragana","Japanese","kanji","katakana","writing"],"articleSection":["Languages","Writing Systems"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125","url":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125","name":"Of Kanji and Kana - Linguamonium","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2018-04-30T02:35:17+00:00","dateModified":"2021-04-25T20:17:29+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=125#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Of Kanji and Kana"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/","name":"Linguamonium","description":"A tumult of linguistic musings","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f6a9c49248cb623f9a6061aaacff0238"},"alternateName":"Linguamo","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f6a9c49248cb623f9a6061aaacff0238","name":"hannah","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/cropped-dummeh-babboh-2-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/cropped-dummeh-babboh-2-1.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"hannah"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/linguamonium.com","www.linkedin.com\/in\/hannah-vanbrunt","https:\/\/twitter.com\/linguamonium"],"url":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?author=1"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/linguamonium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/jap_fabric_writing.jpg?fit=1920%2C940&ssl=1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/125","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=125"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/125\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":537,"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/125\/revisions\/537"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/126"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=125"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=125"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=125"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}