{"id":423,"date":"2021-02-28T21:44:33","date_gmt":"2021-03-01T05:44:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=423"},"modified":"2021-07-25T15:10:24","modified_gmt":"2021-07-25T22:10:24","slug":"a-tale-of-two-words","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/linguamonium.com\/?p=423","title":{"rendered":"A tale of two words"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

This post is about a tiny ubiquitous word and a large infrequent word. The tiny ubiquitous word is and<\/em>. The large infrequent word is polysyndeton<\/em>. How do they relate?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In literature (and other stylized forms of language, like speeches, songs, and play or film dialogue), polysyndeton<\/strong> is a device in which conjunctions, like and<\/em>, are repeated in close succession to produce a particular stylistic effect. Take this passage from the King James Bible (Joshua 7:24<\/em>):<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\u201cAnd<\/strong> Joshua, and<\/strong> all of Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, and<\/strong> the silver, and<\/strong> the garment, and<\/strong> the wedge of gold, and<\/strong> his sons, and<\/strong> his daughters, and<\/strong> his oxen, and<\/strong> his asses, and<\/strong> his sheep, and<\/strong> his tent, and<\/strong> all that he had.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n

One of my favorite authors, Cormac McCarthy, makes heavy use of polysyndeton in his writing. From Blood Meridian<\/em>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\u201cThey rode on into the darkness and<\/strong> the moonblanched waste lay before them cold and<\/strong> pale and<\/strong> the moon sat in a ring overhead and<\/strong> in that ring lay a mock moon with its own cold gray and<\/strong> nacre seas. [\u2026] The flames sawed in the wind and<\/strong> the embers paled and<\/strong> deepened and<\/strong> paled and<\/strong> deepened like the bloodbeat of some living thing eviscerate upon the ground before them and<\/strong> they watched the fire which does contain within it something of men themselves inasmuch as they are less without it and<\/strong> are divided from their origins and<\/strong> are exiles.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n

From The Road<\/em>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

“He pulled the blue plastic tarp off of him and<\/strong> folded it and<\/strong> carried it out to the grocery cart and<\/strong> packed it and<\/strong> came back with their plates and<\/strong> some cornmeal cakes in a plastic bag and<\/strong> a plastic bottle of syrup.”<\/p>\r\n\r\n

In linguistics, polysyndetic coordination<\/strong> is a construction where all conjuncts are linked by coordinators (in English, these are and<\/em>, but<\/em>, or<\/em>, nor<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

On the opposite side, there\u2019s (literary) asyndeton<\/strong> \u2013 where words\/phrases in a list are separated only by commas; and (linguistic) asyndetic coordination<\/strong> \u2013 where the coordinate construction lacks an overt coordinator. (Both versions \u201clack an overt coordinator\u201d in fact, but the focus on commas is unique to the literary definition, since punctuation is irrelevant for speech.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

I would delightfully dive into a detailed breakdown of how coordinator types and positions vary across languages[1]<\/a>, but I\u2019ll spare you that tangent today. One relevant factoid is the following. Many languages (like English) allow coordinator omission in a multiple coordinate construction, where either:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
  1. all but one coordinator are dropped, e.g., I\u2019ll have beans and<\/strong> rice and<\/strong> cheese and<\/strong> avocado \u2192 I\u2019ll have beans, rice, cheese, and<\/strong> avocado<\/em>; or<\/li>\r\n
  2. all coordinators are dropped, e.g., I\u2019ll have beans and<\/strong> rice and<\/strong> cheese \u2192<\/em> I\u2019ll have beans, rice, cheese<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n

    Not only does the grammar \u201callow\u201d it, but it is in fact the unmarked (i.e. default) way of saying or writing lists, such that the other way \u2013 with all coordinators present \u2013 has its own special fancy term.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    However, some languages don\u2019t allow this omission. Ponapean, a Micronesian language, requires that the coordinator oh <\/em>(\u2018and\u2019) remain present in every instance:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Soulik oh <\/strong>Ewalt oh <\/strong>Casiano oh <\/strong>Damian pahn doadoahk lakapw<\/p>\r\n

    \u2018Soulik, Ewalt, Casiano and<\/strong> Damian will work tomorrow\u2019[2]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    I\u2019ll end with a quote from Henry Miller (another of my favorite authors), who requisitions asyndeton as part of his stylistic flair. From Tropic of Cancer<\/em>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \u201cTania is a fever too \u2013 les voies urinaires<\/em>, Caf\u00e9 de la Libert\u00e9, Place des Vosges, bright neckties on the Boulevard Montparnasse, dark bathrooms, Porto Sec, Abdullah cigarettes, the adagio sonata Path\u00e9tique<\/em>, aural amplificators, anecdotal seances, burnt sienna breasts, heavy garters, what time is it, golden pheasants stuffed with chestnuts, taffeta fingers, vaporish twilights turning to ilex, acromegaly, cancer and delirium, warm veils, poker chips\u2026\u201d<\/p>\r\n

     <\/p>\r\n

    \r\n\r\n\r\n

    [1]<\/a> If you\u2019re very interested, Haspelmath has a terrific (although quite technical) typological survey. See Haspelmath, M. (2007). Coordination. In Language typology and syntactic description, volume II: complex constructions. Ed. By T. Shopen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-51.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    [2]<\/a> Haspelmath, M. (2007), p.13<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    This post is about a tiny ubiquitous word and a large infrequent word. The tiny ubiquitous word is and. The large infrequent word is polysyndeton. How do they relate? 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